Risk Factors for Glaucoma

On this page, you will find information on:

• Risk Factors
• Prevention: Lowering Risk
• Further Information

Risk Factors

Open Angle Glaucoma

Strong Risk Factors

• High eye pressure
• Family history of glaucoma
• Age 40 and older for African Americans
• Age 60 and older for the general population, especially Mexican Americans
• Thin cornea
• Abnormal optic nerve anatomy

Potential Risk Factors

• High myopia (very severe nearsightedness)
• Diabetes
• Eye surgery or injury
• High blood pressure
• Use of prescription steroids

Back to top

Closed Angle Glaucoma

Risk Factors

• Age
• Family history
• Poor short-distance vision (farsightedness)
• Eye injury or eye surgery
• Asian or Eskimo descent (potential increase in risk)

Back to top

Normal Tension Glaucoma

Risk Factors

• Cardiovascular disease
• Family history
• Japanese descent (potential increase in risk)

Back to top

Prevention: Lowering Risk

Scientists have not yet discovered a way to prevent people from developing glaucoma. However, there are ways to lower the odds through a healthy lifestyle. For those at risk of developing the glaucoma, a healthy lifestyle that includes regular exercise and a nutritious diet benefits overall physical and mental well-being, as well as the eyes. Caring for mental and emotional health is also important.

Recommendations for physical well-being:

• Eat a varied and healthy diet. There is no scientific evidence suggesting that certain vitamins and minerals prevent glaucoma or delay its progress. However, carotenoids (especially lutein and zeaxanthin), antioxidants (such vitamins C and E), vitamins A and D, zinc and omega-3 fatty acids may all contribute to better vision.
• Carotenoids, especially lutein and zeaxanthin, are found in dark green, yellow and orange fruits and vegetables, including spinach, collard greens, kale, broccoli, papaya, oranges, kiwi, mango, green beans, peaches, sweet potatoes, lima beans, red grapes, green and orange bell peppers, yellow corn, honeydew melon, squash and apricots.
• Foods abundant in vitamin C include green peppers, citrus fruits, tomatoes, broccoli, strawberries, sweet and white potatoes, leafy greens, and cantaloupe.
• Vitamin E is found in eggs, fortified cereals, fruit, wheat germ, green leafy vegetables, nuts/nut oils, vegetable oils, and whole grains.
• Vitamin A occurs in liver, sweet potatoes, carrots, mangoes, milk, and egg yolks.
• The main dietary sources of vitamin D are cod liver oil, “oily” fish, fortified milk and cereal, and egg yolks.
• Foods with zinc include oysters, red meat, poultry, beans, nuts, certain seafood, whole grains, fortified breakfast cereals, and dairy products
• Wild salmon, sardines, walnuts, and flaxseed oil are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids.
• Limit caffeine intake to moderate levels. Some evidence suggests that high amounts of caffeine may increase eye pressure.
• Try to exercise daily. Aerobic activities such as walking, swimming or even working in the yard, are recommended. Some studies indicate that exercise can lower eye pressure. However, some aerobic activity may increase pressure, so always consult a doctor before beginning any exercise program.
• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Keep blood pressure at a normal level and control other medical conditions.
• Do not smoke.
• Prevent overexposure to sunlight by wearing sunglasses and hats.
• Regularly visit a physician for comprehensive eye exams.

Back to top

Further Information

The following AHAF publications provide more information:

• The Essential Facts on Glaucoma
• Living with Glaucoma

Back to top

Source: Some of the information in this section of our website was obtained from the National Eye Institute and the National Library of Medicine.

Last Reviewed On: 09/26/08